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Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN) were first discovered in an extremely acidic mine located in northern California (Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain) by Brett Baker in Jill Banfield's laboratory at the University of California Berkeley. These novel groups of archaea named ARMAN-1, ARMAN-2 (''Candidatus'' Micrarchaeum acidiphilum ARMAN-2 ), and ARMAN-3 were missed by previous PCR-based surveys of the mine community because the ARMANs have several mismatches with commonly used PCR primers for 16S rRNA genes. Baker ''et al.'' detected them in a later study using shotgun sequencing of the community. The three groups were originally thought to represent three unique lineages deeply branched within the Euryarchaeota, a subgroup of the Archaea. However, this has been revised, based on more complete archaeal genomic tree, that they belong to a super phylum named DPANN.〔doi:10.1038/nature12352〕 The ARMAN groups now comprise deeply divergent phyla named Micrarchaeota and Parvarchaeota. Their 16S rRNA genes differ by as much as 17% between the three groups. Prior to their discovery all of the Archaea shown to be associated with Iron Mountain belonged to the order Thermoplasmatales (e.g., ''Ferroplasma acidarmanus'').
==Distribution==
Examination of different sites in the mine using fluorescent probes specific to the ARMAN groups has revealed that they are always present in communities associated with acid mine drainage (AMD), at Iron Mountain in northern California, that have pH < 1.5. They are usually found in low abundance (5–25%) in the community. Recently, closely related organisms have been detected in an acidic boreal mire or bog in Finland,〔Juottonen ''et al.'' (Seasonality of rDNA- and rRNA-derived archaeal communities and methanogenic potential in a boreal mire ), ISME Journal 24 July 2008〕 another acid mine drainage site in extreme environments of Rio Tinto, southwestern Spain〔Amaral-Zettler ''et al.'' (Microbial community structure across the tree of life in the extreme Río Tinto ), ISME Journal 2010〕 and from weak alkaline deep subsurface hot spring in Yunohama, Japan.〔Murakami ''et al.'' (Metatranscriptomic analysis of microbes in an ocean-front deep subsurface hot spring reveals novel small RNAs and type-specific tRNA degradation ), Appl Environ Microbiol 2011〕
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